Estudo preliminar de adaptação e validação da Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade

Autores

  • Andreia Filipa Vaqueiro Domingues Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Coimbra, Portugal
  • Mariana Vaz Pires Marques Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE; Instituto Superior Miguel TorgaFaculdade de medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-280X
  • Sónia Catarina Carvalho Simões Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Coimbra, Portugal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6691-7941

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7342/ismt.rpics.2017.3.1.46

Palavras-chave:

Avaliação da tolerância à infidelidade, Escala de Intolerância à Infidelidade, Psicometria

Resumo

Contexto e Objetivo: Em Portugal, não encontrámos estudos e instrumentos que avaliassem, para a população portuguesa, a tolerância à infidelidade. Este estudo preliminar pretendeu, assim, avaliar e adaptar para a população portuguesa a Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade e explorar associações entre a tolerância à infidelidade, variáveis sociodemográficas, relacionais e relativas à infidelidade, autocriticismo e autocompaixão. Métodos: 223 participantes (sexo feminino, n = 155; 69,5%), entre os 18 e os 67 anos, preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e com questões relacionais e relativas à infidelidade, a Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade, a Escala de Autocompaixão e a Escala das Formas do Autocriticismo e de Autotranquilização. Resultados: A versão adaptada para a população portuguesa da Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade mostrou apresentar duas dimensões: tolerância à infidelidade sexual e tolerância à infidelidade emocional. Ambas revelaram boa consistência interna (respetivamente, α = 0,896; α = 0,878). A tolerância à infidelidade sexual revelou boa estabilidade temporal e a tolerância à infidelidade emocional muito boa estabilidade temporal. Não se verificaram diferenças nas duas dimensões por sexo, embora tenham sido encontradas diferenças em algumas dimensões das escalas que avaliam autocompaixão e autocriticismo. Os participantes casados ou em união de facto apresentaram maior tolerância à infidelidade sexual, por oposição com os solteiros, viúvos, separados e divorciados. Quem relatou não ter tido dificuldade em perdoar uma situação de infidelidade apresentou maior tolerância à infidelidade sexual e emocional, do que quem expressou dificuldade em perdoar. Conclusões: A Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade mostrou possuir boas características psicométricas, podendo ser considerada como válida para ser usada na população portuguesa. Verificou-se, igualmente, que estar casado ou coabitar com alguém parece associar-se a maior tolerância à infidelidade sexual e que quem tem maior dificuldade em perdoar uma situação de infidelidade, de forma congruente, apresenta menor tolerância à infidelidade.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Afifi, W. A., Falato, W. L., & Weiner, J. L. (2001). Identity concerns following a severe relational transgression: The role of discovery method for the relational outcomes of infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(2), 291-308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Allen, E. S., & Baucom, D. H. (2006). Dating, marital, and hypothetical extradyadic involvements: How do they compare?. The Journal of Sex Research, 43(4), 307-317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Almeida, L. S., & Freire, T. (2008). Metodologia da investigação em psicologia e educação [Methodology of research in psychology and education] (4th ed.). Braga: Psiquilíbrios Edições. [Google Scholar]

Amato, P. R., & Previti, D. (2003). People's reasons for divorcing. Journal of Family Issues, 24(5), 602-626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Atkins, D. C., Baucom, D. H., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Understanding infidelity: Correlates in a national random sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 735-749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Atkins, D. C., Marín, R. A., Lo, T. T. Y., Klann, N., & Hahlweg, K. (2010). Outcomes of couples with infidelity in a community-based sample of couple therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 212-216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Blow, A. J., & Hartnett, K. (2005). Infidelity in committed relationships II: A substantive review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 31(2), 217-233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Bornstein, R. F. (2006). The complex relationship between dependency and domestic violence: Converging psychological factors and social forces. American Psychologist, 61(6), 595-606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3(4), 251-255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Susceptibility to Infidelity in the first year of marriage. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(2), 193-221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., Choe, J. C., Lim, H. K., Hasegawa, M., . . . Bennett, K. (1999). Jealousy and the nature of beliefs about infidelity: Tests of competing hypotheses about sex differences in the United States, Korea, and Japan. Personal Relationships, 6(1), 125-150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Cann, A., & Bacuom, T. R. (2004). Former partners and new rivals as threats to a relationship: Infidelity type, gender and commitment as factors related to distress and forgiveness. Personal Relationships, 11(3), 305-318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Carpenter, C. J. (2012). Meta-analyses of sex differences in responses to sexual versus emotional infidelity: Men and women are more similar than different. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(1), 25-37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Castilho, P., Gouveia, J. P., & Amaral, V. (2010). Recordação das experiências de ameaça e subordinação na infância e psicopatologia: o efeito mediador do auto-criticismo [Recalling experiences of threat and subordination in childhood and psychopathology: The mediating effect of self-criticism]. Psychologica, 2(52), 475-498. [Google Scholar] [URL]

Castilho, P., & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2011a). Auto-criticismo: Estudo de validação da versão portuguesa da Escala das Formas do Auto-criticismo e Auto-tranquilização (FSCRS) e da Escala das Funções do Auto-criticismo e Auto-ataque (FSCS) [Self-criticism: A validation study of the Portuguese version of the Forms of Self-Criticizing and Reassuring (FSCRS) and the Functions of Self-criticizing/attacking Scale (FSCS)]. Psychologica, 2011(54), 63-86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Castilho, P., & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2011b). Auto-compaixão: Estudo da validação da versão portuguesa da Escala da Auto-compaixão e da sua relação com as experiências adversas na infância, a comparação social e a psicopatologia [Self-compassion: Study of the validation of the Portuguese version of the Self-Compassion Scale and its relationship with adverse experiences in childhood, social comparison, and psychopathology]. Psychologica, 2011(54), 203-230. [Google Scholar] [URL]

Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245-276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. [Google Scholar] [URL]

DiBlasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-based forgiveness treatment in cases of marital infidelity. Psychotherapy, 37(2), 149-158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Drigotas, S. M., & Barta, W. (2001). The cheating heart: Scientific explorations of infidelity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 177-180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Drigotas, S. M., Safstrom, C. A., & Gentilia, T. (1999). An investment model prediction of dating infidelity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 509-524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Fife, S. T., Weeks, G. R., & Stellberg-Filbert, J. (2013). Facilitating forgiveness in the treatment of Infidelity: An interpersonal model. Journal of Family Therapy, 35(4), 343-367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., & Hannon, P. A. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 956-974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Flanigan, C. M. (2007). Staying with a partner who cheats: The influence of gender and relationship dynamics on adolescents´ tolerance of infidelity (Master’s thesis, Universidade Bowling Green State). [Google Scholar] [URL]

Galperin, A., Haselton, M. G., Frederick, D. A., Poore, J., Hippel, W., Buss, D. M., & Gonzaga, G. C. (2013). Sexual regret: Evidence for evolved sex differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(7), 1145-1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9-74). London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]

Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(5), 508-522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Harris, C. R. (2003). Factors associated with jealousy over real and imagined infidelity: An examination of the social-cognitive and evolutionary psychology perspectives. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27(4), 319-329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehard and Winston. [Google Scholar]

Lavelle, S. (2013). Tolerance for Infidelity: Exploring the factors that determine a person´s likehood of staying in a relationship where infidelity has occurred (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universidade de Adelphy, Estados Unidos da América. [Google Scholar]

Lishner, D. A., Nguyen, S., Stocks, E. L., & Zillmer, E. J. (2008). Are sexual and emotional infidelity equally upsetting to men and women? Making sense of forced-choice responses. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(4), 667-675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Luo, S., Cartun, M. A., & Snider, A. G. (2010). Assessing extradyadic behaviour: A review, a new measure, and two new models. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 155-163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Mark, K. P., Janssen, E., & Milhausen, R. R. (2009). Infidelity in heterossexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. Archives of sexual behavior, 40(5), 971-982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Martins, A. F. R. S. (2012). Comportamentos extra-diádicos offline e online nas relações de namoro: Diferenças de género nos motivos, prevalência e correlatos [Offline and online extra-dyadic behaviors in dating relationships: Gender differences in motives, prevalence and correlates] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra. [Google Scholar]

Miller, S. L., & Maner, J. K. (2009). Sex differences in response to sexual versus emotional infidelity: The moderating role of individual differences. Personality and individual differences, 46(3), 287-291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and pacticing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160-176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Pais-Ribeiro, J. L. (2010). Metodologia de investigação em psicologia e saúde [Methodology of research in psychology and health] (3rd ed.). Porto: Legis Editora. [Google Scholar]

Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual (3rd ed.). New York: Open University Press. [Google Scholar]

Pestana, M. H., & Gageiro, J. N. (2008). Análise de dados para ciências sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS [Data analysis for social sciences: The complementarity of SPSS] (5th ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo. [Google Scholar]

Poortman, A. R., & Seltzer, J. A. (2007). Parents’ expectations about childrearing after divorce: Does anticipating difficulty deter divorce?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 254-269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Sabini, J., & Green, M. C. (2004). Emotional responses to sexual and emotional infidelity: constants and diferences across genders, samples, and methods. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1375-1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (1997). Antecipation of marital dissolution as a consequence of spousal infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(6), 793-808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Divorce as a consequence of spousal infidelity. In V. C. de Munck (Ed.), Romantic love and sexual behavior: Perspectives from the social sciences (pp. 135-153). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. [Google Scholar]

Shackelford, T. K., Buss, D. M., & Bennett, K. (2002). Forgiveness or breakup: Sex differences in responses to a partner’s infidelity. Cognition and Emotion, 16(2), 299-307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Shackelford, T. K., Besser, A., & Goetz, A. T. (2008). Personality, marital satisfaction and probability of marital Infidelity. Individual Differences Research, 6(1), 13-25. [Google Scholar] [PDF]

Shackelford, T. K., LeBlanc, G. J., & Drass, E. (2000). Emotional reactions to infidelity. Cognition and Emotion, 14(5), 643-659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Thompson, A. P. (1983). Extramarital sex: A review of the research literature. The Journal of Sex Research, 19(1), 1-22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The levels of Self-Criticism Scale: Comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 419-430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Treas, J., & Giesen, D. (2000). Sexual Infidelity among married and cohabiting americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 48-60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Tsapelas, I., Fisher, H. E., & Aron, A. (2010). Infidelity: when, where, why. In W. R. Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of close relationships II (pp. 175-196). New York, NY: Routledge. [Google Scholar] [URL]

Urooj, A., Haque, A., & Anjum, G. (2015). Perception of emotional and sexual infidelity among married men and women. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(2), 421-439. [Google Scholar] [URL]

Viegas, T., & Moreira, J. M. (2013). Julgamentos de infidelidade: Um estudo exploratório dos seus determinantes. Estudos de Psicologia, 18(3), 411-418. [Google Scholar] [Scielo]

Whisman, M. A., Dixon, A. E., & Johnson, B. (1997). Therapists’ perspectives of couple problems and treatment issues in couple therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(3), 361-366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Zuroff, D. C., Moskowitz, D. S., & Côté, S. (1999). Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behavior and affect: Evolutionary perspectives. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 231-250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Downloads

Publicado

28-02-2017

Como Citar

Vaqueiro Domingues, A. F., Marques, M. V. P., & Simões, S. C. C. (2017). Estudo preliminar de adaptação e validação da Escala de Tolerância à Infidelidade. Revista Portuguesa De Investigação Comportamental E Social, 3(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.7342/ismt.rpics.2017.3.1.46

Edição

Secção

Artigo Original

Artigos mais lidos do(s) mesmo(s) autor(es)