A vergonha e o bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes: O medo de receber compaixão e os sentimentos de segurança e ligação aos outros como processos mediadores

Ana Laura Mendes; Maria Cristina  Canavarro; Cláudia  Ferreira

doi:10.31211/rpics.2020.6.2.187

Autores

Ana Laura Mendes Centro de Investigação em Neuropsicologia e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental (CINEICC) da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-5855
Maria Cristina Canavarro Centro de Investigação em Neuropsicologia e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental (CINEICC) da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-7322
Cláudia Ferreira Centro de Investigação em Neuropsicologia e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental (CINEICC) da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2020.6.2.187

Palavras-chave:

adolescentes, vergonha externa, medo da compaixão, sentimentos de segurança e ligação aos outros, bem-estar psicológico, estudo exploratório

Resumo

Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar o papel mediador do medo de receber compaixão dos outros e dos sentimentos de segurança e proximidade, em contexto social, na associação entre vergonha externa e o bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes. Foi hipotetizado que adolescentes com elevados níveis de vergonha externa apresentem uma diminuição nos níveis de bem-estar psicológico, através do aumento do medo de receber compaixão e da diminuição dos sentimentos de segurança e proximidade em contexto social. Métodos: Participaram neste estudo 361 adolescentes portugueses de ambos os sexos (43,8% rapazes; 56,2% raparigas), com idade entre os 12 e os 18 anos, os quais completaram medidas de autorresposta relativamente a sentimentos de vergonha, medo da compaixão, sentimentos de segurança e de proximidade aos outros, e bem-estar percebido dos adolescentes. Os dados foram explorados através de estatísticas descritivas e correlacionais, e o modelo teórico proposto foi testado através de análises path. Resultados: Os dados pareceram demonstrar que, em ambos os sexos, a vergonha externa está associada a um decréscimo do bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes, e que este efeito é mediado pelo aumento do medo de receber compaixão dos outros e pela diminuição dos sentimentos de segurança e conexão em contexto social. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo testado apresenta um adequado ajustamento aos dados, explicando 15,0% da variância do medo de receber compaixão dos outros, 37,0% da variância dos sentimentos de segurança e proximidade aos outros e 46,0% da variância do bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes. Conclusões: Este estudo parece contribuir para uma compreensão mais aprofundada acerca da importância do papel dos sentimentos de inferioridade, do medo de receber compaixão dos outros, e dos sentimentos de segurança e proximidade, no contexto social, no bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Arbuckle, J. L. (2013). Amos (Version 22.0) [Computer Program]. SPSS.

Åslund, C., Nilsson, K. W., Starrin, B., & Sjöberg, R. L. (2007). Shaming experiences and the association between adolescent depression and psychosocial risk factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0564-1

Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754

Bisegger, C., Cloetta, B., Rueden, U., Abel, T., Ravens-Sieberer, & European KIDSCREEN Group. (2005). Health-related quality of life: Gender differences in childhood and adolescence. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin, 50(5), 281–291. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00038-005-4094-2

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Cunha, M., Matos, M., Faria, D., & Zagalo, S. (2012). Shame memories and psychopathology in adolescence: The mediator effect of shame. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 12(2), 203–218. https://bit.ly/3f3tqcE

Cunha, M., Xavier, A., Cherpe, S., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). Assessment of shame in adolescents: ‘The Other As Shamer Scale’. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 33, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e3336

Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2014). Fears of compassion in adolescence: Fears of Compassion Scales’ examination and implications in this population [Poster presentation]. The 3rd International Conference on Compassion Focused Therapy. Birmingham, UK.

Ferreira, C., Moura-Ramos, M., Matos, M., & Galhardo, A. (2020). A new measure to assess external and internal shame: Development, factor structure and psychometric properties of the external and internal shame scale. Current Psychology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00709-0

Gaspar, T., & Matos, M. G. (2008). Qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes: Versão portuguesa dos instrumentos KIDSCREEN-52 [Quality of life in children and adolescents: Portuguese version of the KIDSCREEN-52 instruments]. Aventura Social e Saúde.

Gaspar, T., Ribeiro, J. P., de Matos, M. G., Leal, I., & Ferreira, A. (2012). Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: subjective well being. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37306

Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. Em P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Series in affective science. Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 3–38). Oxford University Press.

Gilbert, P. (2002). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualization and overview, with treatment implications. Em P. Gilbert & Miles (Eds.), Body shame: Conceptualisation, research and treatment (pp. 3–54). Brunner Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. Em P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9–74). Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as a marker for relationship security. Em J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 283–309). Guilford Press.

Gilbert, P. (2010). The CBT distinctive features series. Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and self-compassion in adolescence. Em N. B. Allen & l. B. Sheeber (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 195–214). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511551963.011

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(4), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760801999461

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Richter, A., Franks, L., Mills, A., & Bellew, R., & Gale, C. (2009). An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and in patients with bipolar disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 6(4), 135–143. https://bit.ly/3nsNsAe

Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507

Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807

Goldbeck, L., Schmitz, T. G., Besier, T., Herschbach, P., & Henrich, G. (2007). Life satisfaction decreases during adolescence. Quality of Life Research, 16(6), 969–979. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27641333

Hall, C. W., Row, K. A., Wuensch, K. L., & Godley, K. R. (2013). The role of self-compassion in physical and psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 147(4), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.693138

Irons, C., & Gilbert, P. (2005). Evolved mechanisms in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms: The role of the attachment and social rank systems. Journal of Adolescence, 28(3), 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.004

Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z

Kaufman, G. (2004). The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. Springer Publishing Company.

Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Borairi, S. (2013). Self-compassion and fear of self-compassion interact to predict response to eating disorders treatment: A preliminary investigation. Psychotherapy Research, 23(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.717310

Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Leybman, M. J., & Gilbert, P. (2012). Social safeness received social support, and maladjustment: Testing a tripartite model of affect regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9432-5

Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021466

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G. (2010). Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. NeuroImage, 49(2), 1849–1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019

Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W., & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents — A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7

Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gilbert, P., Duarte, C., & Figueiredo, C. (2015). The Other As Shamer Scale–2: Development and validation of a short version of a measure of external shame. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.037

Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013). The effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(4), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1766

Mendes, A. L., Canavarro, C., & Ferreira, C. (2019). The link between the recall of early emotional experiences and well-being in adolescence: The roles of shame and of a self-critical attitude [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra.

Miguel, R. R., Sousa, R., Brazão, N., Rijo, D., Castilho, P., & Gilbert, P. (2019). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale in adolescent samples [Manuscript submitted for in preparation]. Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra.

Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032

Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307

Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004

Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(6), 1061–1071. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021342

Pace, T. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., Issa, M. J., & Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.011

Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Matos, M. (2011). Can shame memories become a key to identity? The centrality of shame memories predicts psychopathology. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1689

Proctor, C. L., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction: A review of the literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(5), 583–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9

Ravens-Sieberer, U., Gosch, A., Erhart, M., von Rueden, U., Nickel, J., Kurth, B.-M., Duer, W., Fuerth, K., Czemy, L., Auquier, P., Simeoni, M.-C., Robitail, S., Tountas, Y., Dimitrakaki, C., Czimbalmos, A., Aszmann, A., Kilroe, J., Keenaghan, C., Bruil, J., … The KIDSCREEN Group Europe. (2006). The KIDSCREEN questionnaires. Quality of life questionnaires for children and adolescents. Pabst Science Publishers.

Salmela-Aro, K., & Tuominen-Soini, H. (2010). Adolescents’ life satisfaction during the transition to post-comprehensive education: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(6), 683–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9156-3

Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt. Em D. Levinson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of crime and punishment (Vol. 1, pp. 1492-1494). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n388

Wolfe, R. N., Lennox, R. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1986). Getting along and getting ahead: Empirical support for a theory of protective and acquisitive self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.356

World Health Organization. (2020). Adolescent health and development. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/adolescent-health-and-development