Body image-related fears in adolescence: development and validation of the Anxiety and Avoidance of Situations due to Weight and Physical Appearance Scale
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2018.4.2.68Keywords:
Adolescence, Avoidance Shame experiences, Victimization experiences, Body imageAbstract
Aims: The main goal was to develop and validate the Anxiety and Avoidance of Situations due to Weight and Physical Appearance Scale (AASWPAS) in a sample of adolescents. Methods: The sample comprised 357 adolescents, 195 males, and 162 females, with ages between 12 and 18 years old, attending secondary schools. Besides the AASWPAS participants also completed a sociodemographic data sheet and a set of self-reported measures that evaluate anxiety, stress and depressive symptoms, bullying experiences, and body-image shame feelings. Results: Both AASWPAS subscales (anxiety/discomfort and avoidance) revealed a two-factor structure and showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α= 0.91), good item quality, and excellent temporal stability. The subscales of the AASWPAS were significantly and positively associated with feelings of shame, victimization experiences, and psychopathological symptoms (anxiety, stress, and depression). Females showed higher levels than males in the anxiety subscale and Factor 2 (for both subscales, anxiety, and avoidance). Conclusions: The AASWPAS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess anxiety and avoidance due to physical appearance and weight during adolescence.
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References
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Duarte, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016). Body image flexibility mediates the effect of body image‐related victimization experiences and shame on binge eating and weight. Eating Behaviors, 23, 13–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Stubbs, R. J. (2017). Compassionate attention and regulation of eating behaviour: A pilot study of a brief low-intensity intervention for binge eating. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(6), O1437–O1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2011). The validation of the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire: Exploring the moderator effect of acceptance on disordered eating. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(3), 327–345. [Google Scholar] [PDF]
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Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Batista, D. (2015). Body image as a source of shame: A new measure for the assessment of the multifaceted nature of body image shame. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(6), 656–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2011). The validation of the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire: Exploring the moderator effect of acceptance on disordered eating. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(3), 327–345. [Google Scholar] [PDF]
Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Physical appearance as a measure of social ranking: The role of a new scale to understand the relationship between weight and dieting. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(1), 55–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(2), 113–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gilbert, P. (1998a). Evolutionary psychopathology: Why isn’t the mind designed better than it is? British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(4), 353–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gilbert, P. (1998b). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 3–38). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
Gilbert, P. (2002). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualization and overview, with treatment implications. In P. Gilbert & J. Miles (Eds.), Body Shame: Conceptualisation, research, and treatment (pp. 3–54). London, UK: Brunner. [Google Scholar]
Hill, A. J. (2011). Body image of assessment of children. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 138–145). New York, NY: Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
Lawler, M., & Nixon, E. (2011). Body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys and girls: The effects of body mass, peer appearance culture and internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(1), 59–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation. [Google Scholar]
Lunde, C., Frisén, A., & Hwang, C. P. (2006). Is peer victimization related to body esteem in 10-year-old girls and boys? Body Image, 3(1), 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise estatística: Com utilização do SPSS [Statistical analysis: Using SPSS]. Lisboa: Edições Sílabo. [Google Scholar]
Marta-Simões, J., & Ferreira, C. (2016). Seeking a perfect body look: Feeding the pathogenic impact of shame? Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 21(3), 477–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Matos, M., Simões, C., Tomé, G., Gaspar, T., Diniz, J. A., & Equipa do Projecto Aventura Social. (2006). Indicadores de saúde dos adolescentes portugueses [Health indicators of Portuguese adolescents] (Report). [Google Scholar] [PDF]
Mendes, A. L., Ferreira, C., & Marta-Simões, J. (2016). Experiential avoidance versus decentering abilities: The role of different emotional processes on disordered eating. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. Published online. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Menzel, J. E., Krawczyk, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2011). Attitudinal assessment of body image for adolescents and adults. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 154–169). New York, NY: Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
Menzel, J. E., Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Mayhew, L. L., Brannick, M. T., & Thompson, J. K. (2010). Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 7(4), 261–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2005). Mental representations of attachment security: Theoretical foundations for a positive social psychology. In M. W. Baldwin (Ed.), Interpersonal cognition (pp. 233–266). New York, NY: Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
Nanu, C., Tăut, D., & Băban, A. (2014). Why adolescents are not happy with their body image? Journal of Gender and Feminist Studies, (2), 1-20. [Google Scholar] [PDF]
Niemeier, H. M. (2003). Clinical implications of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in college women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B-The Physical Sciences and Engineering, 65, 1035. [Google Scholar] [URL]
Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 124–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ornelas, L. A. V. (2012). A importância da vergonha interna na psicopatologia do comportamento alimentar: O papel mediador da autoapresentação perfeccionista da imagem corporal [The importance of internal shame on eating disorders: The mediating role influence of the perfectionist self-presentation of body image] (Master’s thesis). [Google Scholar] [Handle]
Pais-Ribeiro, J., Honrado, A., & Leal, I. (2004). Contribuição para o estudo da adaptação Portuguesa das Escalas de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress (EADS) de 21 itens de Lovibond e Lovibond [Contribution to the study of Portuguese adaptation of the 21 items depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS) of Lovibond and Lovibond]. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 5(2), 229–239. [Google Scholar] [Scielo]
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (4th ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. [Google Scholar]
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